Transmission Belts - The Advantages

We get asked quite often how transmission belts compare to chains and gears.

The fact of the matter is, belts are the cheapest utility for power transmission between shafts that may or may not be axially aligned. They run smoothly and with little noise, and cushion motor and bearings against load changes.

Belt drive is simple, inexpensive, and does not require axially aligned shafts. It helps protect the machinery from overload and jam. It damps and isolates noise and vibration. Load fluctuations are shock-absorbed. They need no lubrication and minimal maintenance, thus saving substantial efforts, amounts and time. Belt drives have high efficiency (90-98%, usually 95%), high tolerance for misalignment, and are of relatively low cost if the shafts are far apart.

As you know, transmission belts are looped strips of continuous material used to link rotating shafts, usually looped over pulleys. They are specifically used to transmit power as part of a larger system of pulleys and gears, though with the development of newer technologies and materials new applications have been discovered for this type of equipment.

Transmission belts are essential parts of heavy machinery like presses, spinning machines, industry fans, roller conveyor and textile machines. Belt systems are often compared with chain systems and you should carefully review the pros of this type of system before deciding exactly what you need for your purposes.

The benefits that transmission belts offer:

1) Smooth operation: Transmission belts help the whole system run efficiently and without any hitches. They require minimum maintenance and provide maximum comfort for the operators.

2) No lubrication: In this respect, transmission belts score over chain systems, but there is another huge advantage, since lubrication (usually in the form of oil or petrol) represents a significant drain on your resources.

3) Low noise levels: Transmission belts produce very little sound when operating, which is an important advantage in any work place and adds to the level of comfort.

4) Less wear and tear: With proper maintenance, they can be quite long lasting. The maintenance required is cost-effective and less frequent. Moreover, it involves less abrasion for various other parts like pulleys.

5) Higher speed and efficiency: Not only is this type of system easier to operate, it also provides higher operational speeds and reliable efficiency.

Thus with belt systems, you will save on a lot of money and hassles. You have to make sure that you get top quality strips which are made using high-grade materials (plastics or rubbers). The best quality results from the use of engine-specific blends, and ensuring perfect compatibility.

The design should offer safety and protection from accidents. Further, it should be low stretch material, preferably made of glass fibres, which should be properly tensioned before being installed. The tooth profile is also significant in creating optimum transmission values.

The Hardest Driving Tests in the World

In the UK, there has always been a constant discussion about the difficulty of obtaining your full driving license. Some will declare that anyone can pass and was much harder 'back in my day', while others will shout from the rooftops that it must be the hardest driving examination in the world, and it is a wonder anyone can pass at all. However, while the UK is high on the list in terms of difficulty, there are many more treacherous tests around the world that are designed to push the capabilities of prospective drivers to the limit. Here is a round-up of the most maddeningly hard tests from across the globe that will hurt your brain just thinking about passing them!

Finland

Although you may hear people boasting how they passed in two days with only one lesson (which is most likely completely untrue), the average time in the UK to pass a test is around 8 months. Compare this to Finland, where it takes a minimum of two years of driving to obtain a full licence. During this probationary period, if the licence holder gets one fine, the period can be extended by a maximum of two years. If this doesn't seem harsh enough, before a person can get the preliminary license they are subjected to a litany of tests and lessons. They must take two tests, one in the summer and one in winter, and attend over 19 theory lessons in which they learn about Finland's strict driving regulations. A lengthy and difficult process, Finnish driving tests may be one of the hardest.

South Africa

A lot of the stipulations in the South African driving test seemed to be designed to create the most complicated examination in the world. In fact, in 2007, there were actually riots surrounding the problems associated with obtaining the licensee. This may seem extreme, but some of the minute rules that have to be obeyed make the UK's equivalent test look like a walk in the park. For instance, you can be penalised for the most minuscule of errors. If you engage your handbrake and it makes a clicking sound you lose points, if you glance at your gear stick whilst driving you lose points, if you forget to check your headlights and tail lights are attached properly you lose points and if you forget to check for leaks under your car you, of course, lose points. In fact, if the car rolls back by one inch during the course of the lesson, you instantly fail. Unfortunately, these extremely strict rules have actually served to make South Africa's driving standards worse, as many people simply drive unlicensed rather than be driven insane by trying to pass the practical test.

Japan

Japan's driving test is different to many other countries, as it takes place on a course resembling a fake Japanese town. However, this doesn't make it any easier, as the fiendishly tricky test only has a pass rate of around 30 percent. Drivers must remain under 19 MPH at all times and instantly fail if they run over a kerb, fail to do the correct checks or stop the appropriate distance from traffic lights. Weirdly, drivers won't pass if they don't come closer enough to the curb when performing a left turn, as you aren't supposed to leave room for overtaking cyclists, which is the exact opposite of what most road laws say! You can also be denied a licence if you don't bend lower enough to inspect under the car for cats or children.

These Bold and Beautiful Diesel Cars Are Too Good to Resist!

In recent times, vehicle owners have been exhibiting their penchant for diesel cars. Manufacturers are also pushing the envelope and trying to bring enhanced features in their vehicles to match the requirements of customers. Apart from mileage and price, vehicle owners are also on the lookout for an upscale build with ravishing exteriors and interiors. Below is an insight on the most popular diesel powered cars which are revered for their exquisite body styles, and offer a tempting

proposition:

Mahindra Bolero

The Bolero, the flagship SUV of Mahindra & Mahindra, has bagged the title of the highest selling SUV in the country for the last several years. Launched in the year 2000, the company has been improvising the model to incorporate additional features to suit the contemporary lifestyle and expectations of its customers. When it comes to appearance and feel, the sturdy Bolero is second to none. With remoteless key entry, attractive headlamps, stylish dashboard, classy steering wheel, integrated digital display, and various other plush features, this car is surely a treat to the eyes.

Mahindra Scorpio

In order to compete with the likes of the Renault Duster, the giant manufacturer Mahindra & Mahindra, recently made major enhancements to the iconic Mahindra Scorpio. The new generation Scorpio now looks chic and gorgeous with an all new platform, suspension, gearbox, front grille, dual projector headlamps, fog lamps, and LED tail-lamps. Available in five colors including the new red and blue hues, it also flaunts features such as 6 inch touch screen for controlling audio & navigation, automatic temperature control, splendid steering controls, tyre pressure monitoring, cruise control, auto headlamps/wipers, and an amazing voice assist system.

Honda Amaze

The Honda Amaze boasts of a spacious cabin, sufficient boot space & leg room, great quality upholstery, impressive heat absorbing glass for windscreen, large tail lamps & eye-like headlamps, fantastically chiselled bumper, and much more. Offering a spectacular mileage of 25.8 kmpl, this sub-4 metre sedan is truly unique and charming.

Hyundai Grand i10

The zesty Grand i10 from the house of Hyundai is another lucrative option in the diesel vehicle segment. The large hexagonal grille, premium plastic quality, tastefully designed air-con vents, amazing steering-mounted controls, comfortable seats, and the abundant legroom at the rear, account for a nice driving and travelling experience.

Apart from the above-mentioned four-wheelers, there are several other stylish cars in this diesel segment, such as, Honda City, Skoda Rapid, Hyundai Xcent, Honda Jazz, Maruti Suzuki Celerio, and more. Of course, the final decision depends upon the buyer's preference, budget, and requirements.

10 Best Cars for Students

The back-to-school period is full-on and brings its share of emotions and memories. As an automotive enthusiast since my early days in high school, I've had the chance to drive, own, love and hate several vehicles of different makes and models. Therefore, I present to you my top 10 of the best cars for students. Thanks to their affordability, reliability or stunning features, those vehicles made the list and caught my attention. Moreover, I would recommend these to a member of my family or a close friend without any doubt.

Since most students can't afford a brand new vehicle because of their steep price, this list majorly features pre-owned vehicles. Therefore, I would highly recommend a complete inspection before purchase to avoid unpleasant surprises.

10. Volkswagen Jetta

Fitted with the extremely reliable 2.0-liter 4-cylinder, the Volkswagen Jetta is classy, spacious and fun to drive. The most affordable vehicle of the VW lineup, this sedan will perfectly suit any summer road trip and everyday ride to school. Several other engine options are available, however, models equipped with the 2.0 liter are usually the most affordable.

9. Mazda3

A replacement for the Protégé, the Mazda3 quickly established itself as great car that is both fun to drive and affordable, either new or pre-owned. Some older generations faced huge rust problems, beware.

8. Kia Rio

Thanks to its original design and great fuel-efficiency, the Kia Rio is a functional vehicle that packs a lot of punch and style. Naturally, newer models are both better equipped and more reliable.

7. Toyota Corolla

A vibrant symbol of reliability, the Toyota Corolla is a true performer that offers astonishing fuel efficiency and low-cost repairs. Sportier than ever in its 2014 edition, the Corolla is one of the safest bets when it comes to uncompromising reliability.

6. Nissan Versa

Look for the hatchback version which is far more functional than the sedan. Thanks to its popular CVT transmission, the Nissan Versa provides great fuel economy and boasts one of the roomiest cabins in its category.

5. Nissan Micra

The smallest car of the lineup, the Nissan Micra made the top 10 of the best cars for students thanks to its ridiculous price (starting from $9 998), original style and compact size.

4. Honda Fit

Powered by a fuel-efficient and agile 4-cylinder, the Honda Fit perfectly reflects its manufacturer's motto: It's a small car with a lot of punch and enhanced reliability. A huge plus: the Magic Seat which greatly enhances storing possibilities.

3. Hyundai Elantra

Rated as a Top Safety Pick by the IIHS, the Hyundai Elantra is spacious, fuel-efficient and more reliable than it ever was before which makes it an easy pick from my Top 10 best cars for students list.

2. Toyota Yaris

First there was the Tercel, then the Echo and now the Toyota Yaris. Powered by one of the most fuel-efficient engines and Toyota's finest technologies, the Yaris is one of the greatest examples of Japanese reliability and also one of the most solid vehicles in its category.

1. Honda Civic

My first car as a student, like so many other teenagers, the Honda Civic is the perfect example of what a student's car should be. It is agile, fun to drive, fuel-efficient and incredibly cheap to fix thanks to the outstanding popularity it gained over the past 25 years. Some used and even new models are sold at a lower price than the Fit even if the vehicle is slightly bigger, making it one of the most interesting options for those who spend more time on the road.

Things To Know About Safety Equipment Used On Vehicles

If I name some of the most popular pieces of public safety equipment, the warning lights, siren speakers, push bumpers and grille lights of different types will come to mind. With the increasing rising risks for first responders, the need for these essential items is critical. There is a huge responsibility on the shoulders of police, fire fighters, and EMS for the safety of the public.

These products are used constantly; all having and meeting the same purpose, public safety. The light and sound systems used by the police and other first responders are a type of safety equipment.

Public safety radio and speakers

All through the hours of an emergency or patrolling, the police are largely dependent on their vehicle's flashing lights, emergency radio systems, sirens, and speakers. These devices are made to comply with and act perfectly during their emergency operations.

Though these devices are often left un-maintained, neglected, and taken for granted, but they indeed are an important utility that should be taken well care of. If these systems would not work properly, first responders and those they serve could be imperiled.

The manufacturers of public safety equipment incorporate unique features that ensure these perform their duties robustly, during the emergency hours.

Power backup - The first blueprint of public safety radio, which are nowadays installed in police vehicles, did not have any provision for power backup. Additionally, it would consume a large amount of energy, which used to affect the operations of the vehicle.

The safety radios and speakers of today come with smart design, which does not consume high levels of power and keeps them on for longer duration of time.

Water resistance - Lighting systems on vehicles are an electronic utility, and just like any other electronic device, they too can get affected with the water, moist and rainy weather conditions. To ensure the safety of lights, speakers and radio systems of the police vehicle, it is a must for them to be water resistant. They are assembled in casings that are watertight.

The feature of water tightness gives them a shield against the moisture occurring due to weather-borne conditions. On vehicles, the water tightness of the lights will have a chief role in the success of police operations, especially during night hours.

Frequent maintenance - Last but not the least, the lights, radio systems, alarms, sirens, and speakers should be properly and routinely checked, and adequate measures should be taken to keep them working and in well-maintained condition. Though the systems of the present generation are usually water-resistant, yet that does not imply that they will be working perfectly well in moist surroundings. They need to be check at frequent intervals, and as some discrepancy is experienced in their operations, they should be sent for service and repair.

New Technology in Tyres

Tyres don't seem even remotely complex on the surface. Rubber, steel belts and air, not much technology involved here, right? This may have been the case decades ago, especially in regards to the consumer market, but it isn't the case any longer, not by a longshot.

In recent years tyre manufacturers have been implementing completely new concepts in tire construction. These concepts create more durable, higher performance and safer products that are every bit as important as any other advancement in automobiles.

This article will review some of the newest advancements in tyre technology as well as the designs and engineering principles that are expected to become industry standards in the near future.

Advances in Pneumatic Tyres

Pneumatic tyres are the industry standard for all consumer vehicles. Early rubber tyres were solid, however, ever since John Dunlop designed the first pneumatic tyre in 1888, the world embraced this form of tyre, in spite of the durability of solid rubber, they were downright uncomfortable.

In approximately 455 factories around the world over 1 billion tyres are produced every year containing the same basic ingredients; rubber, carbon black and various chemicals.

Tyres are constructed on a drum and cured in a press under heat and pressure. The heat creates a polymerization reaction that links the rubber monomers and creates long elastic molecules. This allows the tyres to compress where the rubber meets the road and then reform to their original shape.

Different manufacturers uses their own compounds to deliver a combination of durability and performance. However, most tyres all start out the same way.

Digital Tyres

Tyre manufacturer Pirelli has been testing "digital tyres" on the Ferrari FXX K supercar to collect data about coefficient of friction, footprint and pavement grade. This information is then transferred to the car's ECU and the traction control systems to optimize power delivery based on grip.

Evolving Tyres

Michelin has made some very impressive developments in the longevity of tyre wear. The tire manufacturer has invented a tyre that will evolve as it wears out, preserving its road-gripping performance until the bitter end.

This new technology uses main tread grooves that get wider as they wear down, leaving plenty of space for water to still escape. The new tyres have tiny slices that expand into teardrop shapes and compensate for having shallower grooves, making the tyres safer as they age.

Self-inflating Technology

Self-inflating tyres for the consumer market are also being currently explored. This technology is already being used for heavy machinery and military vehicles, and uses sensors that measure the tyre pressure. If the pressure drops too low, an air compressor inflates the tyre, if the air is too high, a pressure relief valve deflates it.

Airless Tyres

Hankook has been experimenting with a tyre design that doesn't require air. One of, if not the biggest drawbacks to pneumatic tyres has always been punctures and leaks. The new "iFlex" tyres are being made from completely eco-friendly materials.

The tyre manufacturer has been working with geometric shapes, in place of air, to offer pliable, bouncy qualities of a typical tyre. When tested for durability, hardness, stability, slalom and speed the Hankook NPT (non-pneumatic tyres) performed comparable to traditional air-filled tyres.

Car Dealerships Adapt New Practices

The consumer purchasing process in the auto industry has dramatically changed over the last decade. Consumers now have access to endless amounts of information online. Websites feature reviews, pricing, financing offers, comparison shopping, and much more. Certain websites make comparing models, filtering search criteria, and calculating trade-in values and monthly payment estimates quick and easy. In the past, customers would make multiple trips to showrooms to conduct research and to test drive different makes and models before signing a contract. Today, consumers do most of the research online. In order to promote brand awareness and to create a rich customer service experience, automakers have to adapt. Some are developing innovative retail strategies and new programs to stay abreast of a rapidly changing retail experience.

Cross-Industry Innovation

One manufacturer looked to brands in other luxury retail sectors to identify retail trends and inspiration. Drawing from a computer company, the manufacturer established a new system, called the Product Genius, at locations across the country. The non-sales position of this system serves to strictly educate consumers about the manufacturer and available makes, models, and technological features. This structure allows salesmen to focus on the transaction and financing aspects instead of guiding the customer through the vehicle's features and capabilities. Initially, the concept experienced some resistance from automobile dealership owners. But after receiving positive feedback and proven sales numbers, car dealerships are rethinking employee structure and hiring more than one "Product Genius" to meet the growing demand.

Digital Car Dealerships

On the other hand, another auto company took an entirely different approach by creating the world's first digital showroom. The showrooms, known as Cities, do not have any physical automobile displays. The test displays were built in London and Beijing. They are engineered and designed for large metropolises, like Berlin, Shanghai, and Paris, where a traditional car dealerships simply are not a practical option. The city displays the automotive fleet on wall-to-wall screens called power walls. The power walls operate much like smartphones, allowing visitors to swipe for viewing and exploring different options. This concept has an infinite inventory, allowing a brand to display every possible model, color combination, and style option. The experience also caters to the senses, because even the sound of the engine corresponds to the model on the power screen.

These two automotive companies approached the changing marketplace differently. Both avenues explore original and positive purchasing experiences. As technology continues to boom and the consumer shopping experience evolves, car dealerships will continue to reinvent the wheel by offering new services, creative displays, and convenient customer-driven experiences.

How to Drive Manual Vs Automatic Transmissions

There are two types of transmissions that vehicles can be built with. These include either an automatic transmission or a manual transmission. There are several pros and cons to each that you want to consider before driving one or the other. How you drive these two types of transmissions will also change while driving in the snow during winter time. So make sure you know how to drive your particular car's transmission when the time comes.

Automatic Transmission Pros and Cons

In general, cars with automatic transmissions are easier to drive and preferred by some for this reason. Automatic's still shift gears like a manual, but it is involuntary, so you do not have to focus on controlling several things yourself while driving. It can also be safer because you can keep both hands on the wheel. The automatic vehicle has a clutch, but the clutch pedal and torque converter separate the transmission from the engine automatically.

Some negative aspects to this kind of transmission is that it is not as fuel efficient. That torque converter and the hydraulic pump working together cause the car to lose power and lowers efficiency. These cars also take automatic transmission fluid, which has to be changed more often than a manual. This kind of fluid can deteriorate quicker over time. Another con to automatic's is that the vehicle may require more repair costs because of the gear box and complexity of the transmissions used while driving.

Manual Transmission Pros and Cons

There are several reasons to drive a manual transmission car, as well as adverse things to consider.Manual vehicles are driven with a clutch pedal and stick shift to change gears yourself. These cars tend to be cheaper in general for repairs because problems are less likely and they are less complex making them easier for mechanics to work on. Manual vehicles also take gear or engine oil, which has to be changed less frequently than its automatic counterpart. Also, these cars are much more fuel efficient because they don't use as much power while driving.

While manual cars are easier to control, some cons to consider are how much harder they can be to learn to drive at first. When you are driving, you shift gears based on the speed of the vehicle. This is done by depressing the clutch pedal, however, it is disengaging that pedal that can prove to be difficult. If not done correctly, it can make the car jump-start and may even cause it to stall out. It takes time to learn how to drive a manual so that you start out smooth and transition between gears smoothly. Since all of this is required while on the road, you have to take your hand off the wheel and concentrate more on shifting, sometimes proving to be distracting.

Manual vs. Automatic Driving in the Snow

While there are several pros and cons to consider when deciding between an automatic transmission or manual transmission vehicle, there are certain things to consider while driving on snow and ice. With both, you will always want to keep your distance to bring your vehicle to a complete stop avoiding sliding regardless if you are down shifting yourself or simply stepping on the brake. Driving a stick shift can be easier in the snow because you are controlling the gears yourself. With a manual, the car is in more control so ease up on the gas if you are slipping on ice so your wheels can gain traction.

If you are driving on a hill, there are several things to keep in mind. Make sure you are pushing on the brakes as little as possible whether you are going downhill or uphill. When you're about to drive uphill, speed up so you do not have to hit the gas as much causing the wheels to spin. If going downhill, slow down before the hill so you can coast as much as possible. You want to do your best to drive as smoothly as possible with steering, accelerating, as well as using the brakes as little as you can. With an automatic transmission, an automatic gearbox can help with decelerating just as a manual would do;while declutching.

While driving a manual transmission in winter road conditions, try your best to start off in second gear, even though this will take some getting used to. This will make your tires turn slower and be more forceful when beginning to move, which can be very useful to get going on s now. If braking is necessary, downshift before you do because going into lower gears you can lower your speed by slowing the tire rotation. By keeping all of this in mind and dependent on the road conditions as well as how you drive, you can ultimately increase your fuel efficiency.

Three Reasons Used Cars Are Better Than New

Every year, over 50 million sedans, coupes, vans, trucks, and SUVs are sold in the United States. Of those sold, about 75% are pre-owned vehicles. Why are used cars so much more popular than new ones? Here are three reasons why.

Certified Vehicles

It used to be that when you bought a vehicle from the market of used cars, you were going to have to deal with some deficiencies, such as faded paint, worn tires, dirty seats, or rust on the frame. Buying pre-owned also meant that you wouldn't have the luxury of a warranty if anything went wrong. Fortunately, consumers now have the option to buy certified used cars that are as close to new as possible. Certified pre-owned vehicles are carefully inspected by dealerships, and any problems are fixed. That means the interior is cleaned, the paint is fresh, and any dents, dings, or scratches are repaired. They even have the new car smell. Furthermore, since these vehicles have been so closely inspected, they are offered with a factory warranty. That means you can drive off the lot with a vehicle that is new in all but name, but carries a reduced price tag since it is considered pre-owned.

Same Safety Features

Years ago, people would buy new sedans or trucks in order to have the latest safety features. Drivers wanted air bags, anti-lock brakes, and traction control. Fortunately for buyers of used cars, these features are standard, or at least very commonplace. Since the mid-1990s air bags are installed in every car. Since 2011, anti-lock brakes have been necessary requirements in all vehicles sold in the U.S. Buyers can easily find a model that is a few years old with all of the best safety equipment. This means that a pre-owned automobile can offer the same level of safety as a new one, at a greatly reduced price.

Better for the Environment

In years past, the environment was generally not something considered by the average automobile buyer. Fortunately, consumers today are more aware of how their purchases impact the world. For every new truck or convertible that is built, a large amount of energy is used to create it. In fact, some recent studies have shown that the energy used to build a new vehicle is greater than the energy emitted by that vehicle over the course of its lifetime. Furthermore, for every new vehicle, a pre-owned model goes unused. The unused vehicle then has to be disposed, creating waste. If you buy an auto that is several years old, a new one will not be built, and an old one will not be junked. It is a win-win situation.

In closing, it is clear why the majority of vehicles sold in the United States every year are used. They offer buyers a driving and ownership experience comparable to a new model, at a fraction of the price. The choice is easy; choose your next truck, coupe, or wagon from the market of used cars.

Five Reasons You Should Buy Used Cars Now

The new car market, poised for a sixth consecutive year of sales growth, has enjoyed a renaissance since the Great Recession. With prices rising due to strong demand, sellers are making a killing on new models. The same cannot be said in the secondary market, where prices are expected to decline for the foreseeable future. Is now the time to buy? Here are five reasons you should start shopping for used cars ASAP.

1. Lower Prices

Because people can only buy a new or a used car, prices in these markets tend to move in opposite directions depending on demand. As we mentioned, the new vehicle market is hot right now, which means demand for pre-owned vehicles is comparatively low. Not surprisingly, sellers have been lowering prices on these autos to attract new customers. But just because there are deals to be found does not necessarily mean that now is the time to buy. After all, prices could continue to fall to lower levels in the future. With that said, those who need a secondhand ride are certainly in the driver's seat in the present.

2. Larger Selection

Another reason pre-owned values are falling is that drivers are trading in their old rides for new ones, which has greatly increased the industry's supply of cars. Although this trend is undoubtedly bad for sellers, it's definitely good news for shoppers. With unlimited access to millions of secondhand vehicles online, a buyer can find nearly any model he desires. He need not compromise on the features or amenities he wants, since custom models are quite common in the secondary market.

3. Aging U.S. Fleet

Nothing lasts forever, but drivers are treating their cars as if they might. The age of the average U.S. vehicle is at a record high of 11.5 years. Now, as impressive as that kind of longevity may be, it's certainly not safe. Older machines are, after all, at a much higher risk of malfunctioning, breaking down, or simply failing than newer ones. Ancient autos are also far more expensive to care for and maintain than younger ones.

4. Safety Features

In earlier eras, shoppers almost always had to sacrifice safety when they bought used cars. Because safety features were not standard at the time, there was a big difference between older and newer vehicles. But now that these features are required, there are no longer huge discrepancies in the safety of pristine and pre-owned models. Most come fully equipped with multiple airbags, anti-lock brakes, and traction control.

5. Low-Interest Rates

With demand low, lenders are offering better deals on auto loans. Although you should expect to pay a slightly higher interest rate than if you were buying an unused ride, it isn't that much more expensive. Most shoppers with good credit can secure a good deal from the seller or a third-party lender.

Preparing for the Car Dealer: Tips to Get You Through the Day

You've done the research. You've settled on your dream car... or at least something you'll want to hold onto for the next few years. Now it's off to the car dealer to make that dream a reality. While ultimately a happy day for most, the car buying process can work even the most centered person into a frenzy. Here are five things you can do to make the day less stressful.

1. Eat a good breakfast.

A good meal (high in protein, low in sugar) will give you the mental and physical energy to focus and concentrate on the task at hand. This process is likely to take three to four hours at the minimum. Don't let being hungry ruin this experience for you. Keep a low sugar snack on hand (a pack of almonds, perhaps) for when you feel yourself start to wane.

2. Know what YOU want.

Write it down and be able to articulate that to the car dealer. Want to treat yourself to a fancier sound system but not interested in the cargo option? Make that known. Know what is negotiable and what you will hold steadfast. Having a clear goal in mind beforehand will help to alleviate unnecessary tension.

3. Be aware of what is in your credit report.

Nothing is worse than being an hour or more into the car buying process and then sitting down in front of the finance manager only to find out that the credit card you maxed out in college is coming back to haunt you. Under The Fair Credit Reporting Act, each of the national credit reporting companies is required to provide you with a copy of your credit report once every 12 months. Take advantage of this free service to avoid nasty surprises. For more information visit the Federal Trade Commission website.

4. Know what your trade-in is worth.

Unfortunately, sentimental value has no real value in the buying world. Your four-wheeled pal may have been loyal to you, getting you home safe from all those late night study sessions in college; however, if the A/C is broken or it requires other costly repairs, be prepared for an offer that's lower than expected. In addition to the Kelley Blue Book Value, have your trade-in professionally appraised. Many body shops offer this service for a small fee or even sometimes free for regular customers.

5. Know your limits.

For most people, the car buying process will take up an entire day's worth of energy. Don't plan to do it on the day your sister is getting married or the day you plan to break things off with your significant other. Once you are finished with the car dealer, treat yourself. Wind down and relish the fact that you are now a seasoned car buyer.

Developing The Culture of Maintenance of Machinery: Lessons From The Wise Maxims of Our Forebears

Machinery is a great product of human wisdom designed with the sole aim of easing the painstaking task of work. Serving relentlessly as faithful slaves, machines respond to the will of man without a word. Some users of this machinery abuse this right of the speechless workaholic devices by constantly requiring their services without having a thought of maintaining them. Indeed, the culture of maintenance has not been a vocabulary in the books of many factory managers. Yet, the machines are their latent source of revenue. As humans require personal and regular health checks and care, so does the machinery that we use in our everyday life activities.

Our genius forebears craftily developed the culture of maintenance and it was evident in their everyday life activities as well as the maxims that were frequently used in their conversations at family and societal meetings. Though they never had the modern machinery, the few resources that were at their disposal were judiciously used and regularly maintained. The numerous ancient buildings that inspire awe and are tourist sites today were maintained on a routine basis. The philosophical underwriting of some of the maxims that regulated their moral behavior regarding the essence of cultivating a maintenance culture have high currencies in our quest in maintaining our machinery today. The paper discusses two of these maxims and their resonance in the culture of maintenance.

1. Procrastination is the thief of time-

This wise maxim warns against the constant postponement of repair and maintenance of machinery. Usually, owners of these devices procrastinate whenever machinery gives signs of needing repair of its parts. Owing to the fact that owners feel the signs of a defect is minimal they usually turn deaf ears to it. The aftermath of such attitude leads to incurring huge repair bills which could have been avoided. On the other hand, prompt attention to a repair need on regular basis attract minimal cost since less material is lost whereas the vice versa results in extensive repairs. Thus, it is worthwhile to act swiftly to maintain machinery rather than to procrastinate.

2. Eating the food at one's disposal gradually is better than eating all in one day-

This adage warns against the attitude of undertaking a Herculean activity once, but it, however, advice on carrying it out gradually. This is true in the case of maintenance of machinery. The great pain and the high cost of engaging in such repairs can suck all the financial strength of the owner of the machinery or the company. Such attitude mostly leads to the neglect of such machinery because of high maintenance, which comes at a great cost to factories and individuals. On the other hand, a regular, minimal form of maintenance is less costly and less demanding. Indeed, attending to the routine oiling of machinery parts has been always much cheaper and less time-consuming.

Conserving and sustaining one's machinery on a regular basis by cultivating the culture of maintenance pays greatly. It saves our lives since faulty machinery usually results in accidents. It aids us to wisely use our time and money while ensuring constant and efficient productivity as well as increasing the lifespan of machines. More importantly, it speaks well of our personality, as persons who are responsible, poised and resourceful. Let us seriously ponder and imitate the maintenance culture of our intelligent forebears and it will impact greatly on our machinery, even conserving them for future progeny.

Find a Good Driving School When Learning To Drive

Finding a good driving school is the first step in getting a driving permit which is mandatory in all the countries of the world to be able to drive an automobile in that country. Learning to drive may be easy, but being allowed to drive is the important thing. Given the nature of driving and the potential hazards of speed, it is no wonder that driving regulations are very strict. Indeed, getting one is an achievement and an event to celebrate.

Finding a good driving school is key to getting a driving license. Even good drivers need driving lessons. Especially if they come from another country, they have to relearn driving, according to the driving rules of that country, like the side of the road you are supposed to keep, the side the steering wheel, and the penalty structure for driving offenses.

What are the characteristics of a good driving school?

Preparing the learner for the driving test is an important task of the driving school. Towards this end also, the following are necessary in a good driving school

· Professional Instructors - who make it possible for their students to learn how to drive a car by feeling the responsibility of actually applying what is taught to them.

· Theory Test- it is always good to be tested on the theoretical knowledge that is necessary for a driver. In some countries it is mandatory to take a theory test, usually online.

· Skill training is complementary to the theory study, where actual skills are taught which are exclusively required for driving in that particular terrain and according to the road plans and rules. Emphasis is given to the need to perfect general skills like maneuvering the vehicle, parking, etc. all of which are tested by the authorities during the actual driving test.

· Good facilities - like a large area for learning to navigate etc.

· Comprehensive driving test- some schools conduct a theory and skills test on their own, so you could ask contacts for referrals of those schools.

How to locate a good driving school

It is best to locate one in your neighborhood itself. This makes it easy to go for lessons. You can ask around in your neighborhood for one of good repute and satisfying the above conditions. You can check online and take down the contact details of a few to get competitive rates.

What are the benefits of going to a good driving school

Personal training

The instructors train new drivers at a personal level, about the rules and procedures of the road. It is one thing to learn theoretically, but quite another when you are in the middle of the road driving amongst others who may or may not follow the rules. Teens especially benefit in this aspect.

Confidence Building of the right kind

Overconfidence and lack of confidence are the two demons that face new drivers. Teens usually fall in the first category which gets them into trouble with the authorities for speeding and not following traffic rules. Lack of confidence has you freeze up in anxiety when faced with an unexpected problem on the road like your car engine suddenly dying out.

Preparing Teens for the road - Teaching a teen to drive can be a trying experience for a parent who is concerned about his car as well! It is best to send them to a driving school from where they emerge as responsible drivers, leaving the brashness or diffidence behind.

Find a Good Driving School When Learning To Drive

Finding a good driving school is the first step in getting a driving permit which is mandatory in all the countries of the world to be able to drive an automobile in that country. Learning to drive may be easy, but being allowed to drive is the important thing. Given the nature of driving and the potential hazards of speed, it is no wonder that driving regulations are very strict. Indeed, getting one is an achievement and an event to celebrate.

Finding a good driving school is key to getting a driving license. Even good drivers need driving lessons. Especially if they come from another country, they have to relearn driving, according to the driving rules of that country, like the side of the road you are supposed to keep, the side the steering wheel, and the penalty structure for driving offenses.

What are the characteristics of a good driving school?

Preparing the learner for the driving test is an important task of the driving school. Towards this end also, the following are necessary in a good driving school

· Professional Instructors - who make it possible for their students to learn how to drive a car by feeling the responsibility of actually applying what is taught to them.

· Theory Test- it is always good to be tested on the theoretical knowledge that is necessary for a driver. In some countries it is mandatory to take a theory test, usually online.

· Skill training is complementary to the theory study, where actual skills are taught which are exclusively required for driving in that particular terrain and according to the road plans and rules. Emphasis is given to the need to perfect general skills like maneuvering the vehicle, parking, etc. all of which are tested by the authorities during the actual driving test.

· Good facilities - like a large area for learning to navigate etc.

· Comprehensive driving test- some schools conduct a theory and skills test on their own, so you could ask contacts for referrals of those schools.

How to locate a good driving school

It is best to locate one in your neighborhood itself. This makes it easy to go for lessons. You can ask around in your neighborhood for one of good repute and satisfying the above conditions. You can check online and take down the contact details of a few to get competitive rates.

What are the benefits of going to a good driving school

Personal training

The instructors train new drivers at a personal level, about the rules and procedures of the road. It is one thing to learn theoretically, but quite another when you are in the middle of the road driving amongst others who may or may not follow the rules. Teens especially benefit in this aspect.

Confidence Building of the right kind

Overconfidence and lack of confidence are the two demons that face new drivers. Teens usually fall in the first category which gets them into trouble with the authorities for speeding and not following traffic rules. Lack of confidence has you freeze up in anxiety when faced with an unexpected problem on the road like your car engine suddenly dying out.

Preparing Teens for the road - Teaching a teen to drive can be a trying experience for a parent who is concerned about his car as well! It is best to send them to a driving school from where they emerge as responsible drivers, leaving the brashness or diffidence behind.

Accessories Designed For Utility Vehicles

In many places all around the world, utility vehicles have become a staple for many businesses such as landscapers, contractors, painters, and other fields which require one to carry their equipment with them from one job to another. They offer a convenient means of transporting various items such as ladders comma, compressors, pipes, hoses, and a variety of other things, when they are needed for the work being performed. There are a range of accessories especially designed to enhance the functionality of these trucks.

The versatility of these vehicles is part of what makes them so attractive for contractors and individuals such as farmers, who need a way to transport their professional equipment. Fitting the truck with specialized utilities can increase the amount of usable space in the most efficient manner. These items permit one to customize the vehicle to their own unique needs and specifications.

The first item most people will purchase is a tray. This goes in the area formerly occupied by the bed of a pickup, and serves as the cargo transport surface. It differs from the traditional in that it sits above the wheel well, which makes taking equipment on and off easier by eliminating the need for bending and reaching, and provides an opportunity to add more customization for storage.

If the individual prefers, they can add drop-down sides and a tailgate to the tray to keep things inside the storage area. Steps may also be installed either along the sides, or at the rear of the vehicle. They are easily pulled down when one needs to step up into the tray, and conveniently fold up to be stored when not in use.

Another item that many people choose to have installed on the tray are tie-down hooks. These can be placed in specific locations along the edges, or they may be in the form of rails that run the full length of the bed, allowing for more versatility in where the ropes and straps may be secured. Articles of this type are very useful in preventing equipment and other cargo from sliding around during transport.

Ladder racks are yet another very common accessory chosen by individuals who use utility vehicles regularly. These custom fit items are installed directly to the tray and allow for over-sized equipment, such as pipes and tubes, to be carried above the cab of the truck. This practically doubles the amount of cargo space available.

Adding pull out drawers to the underside of the bed is another way to increase the amount of storage area on the truck. These items come in various sizes and are great for storing handheld tools and smaller items. They come fitted with with either key, or a hinge styled locks, for security and to prevent theft or vandalism.

Ute tool boxes come in a variety of different styles and sizes to accommodate the needs of many varied individuals. They are generally installed up against the cab of the truck and maybe of up to three levels high, featuring lift up lids, drawers, or cabinets. The types of accessories one chooses to add to their vehicle can make it easy to customize to their unique needs and preferences.

Tips to Keep Your Car on the Road Long

A car is a major investment and regular preventive maintenance will allow you to keep it on the road for ten years and more.

If you want to keep your car on the road and out of the shop, consider the following six tips:

1. Change your filter regularly

Checking fluid levels regularly and changing the fluids and filters periodically can minimize the risks of breakdowns and prolong the life of the engine, transmission, cooling system and brakes.

You need to change air filters, fuel filters and oil filters on a regular basis to keep your engine performing well. In countries with high sulfur fuel, you need to change your fuel and oil filter in half the recommended time. Air filter needs to be changed every two months in rural areas and deserts, and windy and dusty countries. Most folks change their oil filter when they are draining and replacing their engine oil and fuel filter every six months.

2. Check and replace Fluids

A car is a machine and like any machine it needs oil replaced on a regular basis. Engine oil needs to be changed every 5000 miles, engine coolant flushed and replace every six months and transmission fluid every two years or every 30,000 miles whichever comes first. Flush and replace your brake fluid and power steering every two years.

Engine oil is the one that needs to be looked at regularly. A few years ago you were asked to check the oil level every time you went to the petrol pump but now it is fine if you check the engine oil level every month and fill it if it is below the safe level.

3. Drive safely

Nothing reduces a car's value and longevity than an accident so safe driving habits are essential. Follow all traffic rules and avoid speeding. Don't drive drunk and avoid texting and talking on mobile phone while driving. Avoid driving when you are tired and drowsy.

4. Don't drive as much and avoid short trips

The more you drive your car, the more wear and tear it gets. If you walk as much as possible to nearby destinations, you not only improve your health, you also increase your car's life.

A large numbers of short trips of 10 minutes and less cause a lot of wear and tear as cars don't have the time to reach optimum operating temperature. Walk if possible or combine a number of errands for a longer trip.

5. Get annual checkup done

Find a good honest mechanic and get a thorough maintenance done at least once a year. The mechanic will check your battery, check and change your fluids and filters, check air-conditioner refrigerant, get your tires rotated and balanced and your alignment checked, change your spark plugs and replace your wipers if necessary, He will thoroughly clean up your vehicle innards and ferret out any possible problem with the car and recondition it as new.

6. Choose a good car

If you want your car, pickup truck or SUV to last then research the model and its track record. Stick with major brands as Toyota, Ford, Nissan and Mercedes-Benz and you cannot go wrong. If you want a pickup go for the Indestructible Toyota Hilux, if you are looking for a Sport Utility Vehicle then Toyota Fortuner, Toyota Prado or Toyota Land Cruiser are good options. If you are looking for luxury vehicles then a BMW, Mercedes-Benz or Porsche will work best.